Appendix I - p.63 [Previous Section] [Next Section] [Table of Contents]
Following from its general principles,35 the Panel established 18 guiding principles that provide the framework for reviewing existing standards and developing new standards for forest management in Clayoquot Sound.
Forest management standards must prescribe practices that:
Appendix I - p.64
This simple list of principles does not adequately express their underlying foundations. To support these guiding principles, Panel members have assembled knowledge and developed targets for specific components of natural systems; these are not summarized here.
The relevance of these principles in light of stewardship responsibilities has also been considered. For instance, aboriginal self-government and jurisdiction over land and resources, currently being addressed by government, may substantially influence forest practices in Clayoquot Sound. The guiding principles articulated above, however, derive from the vision of future forest stewardship shared by all Panel members. The Panel believes that these principles will remain relevant as guidelines for developing exemplary forest management standards regardless of the outcome of deliberations about resource jurisdiction.
Appendix II - p.65 [Previous Section] [Next Section] [Table of Contents]
Co-Chair Dr. Fred Bunnell, Professor of Forest Wildlife Ecology
and Management, Director of the Centre for Applied
Conservation Biology, University of British Columbia.
Co-Chair Dr. Richard Atleo, Hereditary Chief UMEEK,
Researcher, Consultant, Indigenous Human Resources,
New Westminster
Other members of the Scientific Panel, by area of expertise:
Biodiversity Dr. Ken Lertzman, Assistant Professor, Forest Ecology,
Simon Fraser University
Dr. Chris Pielou, Ecologist, Denman Island
Laurie Kremsater, Consultant, Forest Management and
Wildlife Biology, Vancouver
Ethnobotany Dr. Nancy Turner, Professor, Environmental Studies,
University of Victoria
First Nations Ernest Lawrence Paul, Hesquiaht Elder, expert in
Hesquiaht history, culture, traditional resource use and
language, Hesquiaht
Roy Haiyupis, Ahousant Elder, expert in Ahousaht
history, culture, language and traditional use of
resources, Lytton
Stanley Sam, Ahousaht/Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations
Elder, expert in First Nations history, language, culture
and traditional resource use, Ahousaht
Fisheries Dr. Gordon Hartman, Consultant, Fisheries Biology,
Nanaimo
Appendix II - p.66
Forest Harvest Keith Moore, Registered Professional Forester,
Planning Consultant, Environmental Forestry,
Oueen Charlotte City
Hydrology Dr. Mike Church, Professor, Eluvial Morphology,
Department of Geography, University of British
Columbia
Roads and Dr. Peter Schiess, Professor and Head of Forest
Engineering Engineering, University of Washington, College of
Forest Resources, Seattle
Scenic Resources, Catherine Berris, Consultant, Landscape Architecture
Recreation, and and Land Use PlannIng, Vancouver
Tourism
Silvicultural Dr. Jerry Franklin, Professor, University of Washington,
Systems College of Forest Resources, Seattle
Slope Stability Dr. June Ryder, Consultant, Terrain Analysis,
Vancouver
Soils Dr. Terry Lewis, Consultant, Soils and Land Use,
Courtenay
Wildlife Dr. Alton Harestad, Associate Professor, Wildlife, Simon
Fraser University
Worker Safety Jim Allman, Regional Manager, Workers' Compensation
Board, Victoria
Secretariat Melissa Hadley, Registered Professional Forester,
to the Panel Cortex Consultants Inc., Halfmoon Bay
For more information contact:
Cortex Consultants Inc. Victoria
Phone (604) 360-1492
Fax (604) 360-1493
Appendix III - p.67 [Previous Section] [Next Section] [Table of Contents]
Tables 1 through 4 list the current standards documents reviewed by the Scientific Panel. The "Relevant Documents" columns include all provincial, coastal, and regional standards, standards of practice, and standard operating procedures, memos and directives that the Panel considers apply or might apply in Clayoquot Sound. The "Status" columns denote standards as draft, emerging, interim, or established (estab.), in increasing order of force, and also indicate their scope as regional, coastal, or provincial.
Appendix III - p.68
Plan/Permit Purpose Relevant Documents Format Status
Mgmt Plans Planning document Forest Licence Management Circular Estab.
(TFL, FL, for entire tenures and Working Plan (MWP) Letter standard
Woodlot (e.g., TFL). Sets Outline. VR-88-520 (regional)
Licence) AAC.
TFL Management and Working Document Revisions
Plan - Recreation Content. pending
Forest Inventory Environmental Inventory Estab.
Protection Area Guidelines. manual standard
Also applies to TSA Plan. chapter (provincial)
Archaeological impact Booklet Estab.
Assessment Guidelines. 1991. standard
Also applies to TSA Plan. (provincial)
TSA Plan Planning document As for MWPs.
(Land and for entire TSA.
Resource Sets AAC.
Mgmt Plan)
Procedures for Factoring Document Estab.
Recreation Resources Into (provincial)
Timber Supply Analysis.
December 1993
Local Long-tern planning Local Resource Use Plans. Guide, Estab.
Resource to determine land MOF. 1991. procedures (provincial)
Use Plan use priorities and
allocation in a
given area. Usually
a public process in
area of some
controversy and
high values.
Wilderness Discussion
Area Mgmt paper
Plans
Integrated MOF and Water Guidelines for Watershed Booklet (provincial)
Watershed Mgmt Branch, Management of Crown Lands
Mgmt Plan integrated plan for Used as Community Water.
community 1980.
watersheds.
Community Watershed Booklet Draft,
Guidelines Project - Guiding progress
Principles and Summary of repert
Public Input. (provincial)
Total Long-term planning Total Resource Planning. MOF. Discussion Proposed
Resource to guide timber 1993. paper process
Plan harvesting over a (provincial)
given area, (e.g..
watershed).
An integrated use
plan after basic
land use decisions
are made.
Appendix III - p.69
Purpose Relevant Documents Format Status
Plan for logging Development Plan Guidelines. Vancouver Circular Estab.
and road construct. Forest Region. December 10,1993. Letter standard
for 5-year period procedures
(up to 20-year (regional)
penod for long-
term plans
proposed in Code.
Based on AAC and Coast Planning Guidelines, Vancouver Circular Estab.
management Forest Region. October 8,1993. Letter standards
Objectives and (regional)
constraints in
MWP.
Annually updated. Watershed Workbook - Forest Hydrology Document Draft
Sensitivity Analysis for Coastal B.C. (coastal)
Watersheds -2nd Edition. 1993.
Watershed Workbook - Forest Hydrology Booklet and Interim,
Sensitivity Analysis for Coastal Watersheds. floppy, approved
1987. procedures (coastal)
Guidelines for Watershed Management of Booklet (provincial)
Crown Lands Used as Community Water.
1980.
Community Watershed Guidelines Project - Booklet Draft,
Guiding Principles and Summary of Public progress
Input. 1993. report
(provincial)
British Columbia Coastal Fisheries/Forestry Booklet Estab.
Guidelines. Revised 3rd Edition. July 1993. standards
(coastal)
Guidelines to Maintain Biological Diversity in Document Approved
TFLs 44 and 46. December 1991. for TFLs 44
and 46
Guidelines to Maintain Biological Diversity in Document Emerging
Coastal Forests. October27, 1993. standards
(coastal)
Interim Forest Management Letter Interim, not I
Recommendations to Protect Marbled approved
Murrelet Nesting Habitat in Coastal British
Columbia. February 8,1991.
Conservation of Marbled Murrelet Habitat. Memo Draft
November 12, 1993.
Guidelines for Terrain Stability Assessments. Circular Estab.
November 18, 1992. Letter procedures
(regional)
Landslide Hazard Mapping Guidelines; Document Draft
Guidelines for B.C. January 12, 1994.
Interim Forest Landscape Management Booklet Interim,
Guidelines for the Vancouver Forest Region. approved
(regional)
Visual Landscape Management Guidelines Document Draft,
for Visually Sensitive Areas within Provincial confidential
Forests. December 1993. (provincial)
Procedures for Factoring Recreation Document Estab.
Resources Into Timber upply Analysis. standards
December 1993
Wilderness Management Handbook. October Document First draft
1993
Interim Guide for Completing a Recreation Circular Interim
Analysis Report in the Vancouver Forest Letter (regional)
Region.
Appendix III - p.70
Plan/Permit Purpose Relevant Documents Format Status
Pre-harvest Legal contract Silviculture Regulation, B.C. Reg. Statute
Silviculture between Licensee Reg. 147188. under (provincial)
Prescription and Province that Forest Act
(PHSP) prescribes the
appropriate
silvicultural system,
harvesting
practices, and
regeneration
measures up to
"free-to-grow" for a
specific cutblock.
Pre-harvest Silviculture File Estab.
Prescription Procedures and 18790-01 standards
Guidelines for the Vancouver (regional)
Forest Region. March 17,
1994.
Site Diagnosis, Tree Species Booklet Estab.
Selection and Slashburning standards
Guidelines for the Vancouver re: species
Forest Region. 1984. (not slash-
burning)
(regional)
Site Degradation Guidelines for Circular Estab.
the Vancouver Forest Region. Letters standard
1991. and
Interim Site Degradation interim
Guidelines for Road Fill Slopes. (regional)
Minimum Cutting Ages for Circular Estab.
TSAs. Letter- standards
VR-85-470 (regional)
Residual Falling Policy. Circular Estab.
Letter- standards
VR-78-345 (regional)
Guidelines for Slash Disposal Circular Estab.
Orders. Letter- standards
VR-86-505 (regional)
Guidelines for Free Growing Circular Estab.
Stocking Standards for the Letter - standards
Vancouver Region. VR-90-545 (regional)
Hemlock Dwarf Mistletoe Circular Estab.
Mgmt. Letter - standards
VR-85485 (regional)
Sitka Spruce Weevil Mgmt. Circular Estab.
Letter- standards
VR-85-471 (regional)
B.C. Coastal Fisheries/Forestry Booklet Estab.
Guidelines. Revised 3rd ed. standards
July 1993. (coastal)
Appendix III - p.71
Plan/Permit Purpose Relevant Documents Format Status
Road Permit Legal document Forest Road and Logging Trail Booklet Interim,
that approves a Engineering Practices (Interim). approved
road location and July 15,1993. standards
sets road
construction
standards.
Engineering Specifications for Document Estab.
the Planning. Location, Design, approved
Construction and Deactivation standards
of Logging Roads and (regional)
Drainage Structures in the
Vancouver Forest Region.
1989.
B.C. Coastal Fisheries/Forestry Booklet Estab.
Guidelines. Revised 3rd ed. approved
July 1993. standards
(coastal)
Cutting Legal document Utilization Standards - Coast. MOF Estab.
Permit that approves a 1989. Policy standards
cutblock and gives (coastal)
authority to cut.
Embodies PHSP
contents. Provincial Harvesting Booklet Draft,
Guidelines for the Management not
and Maintenance of Wildlife approved
Trees. (provincial)
Methods for the Conservation Draft,
and Management of Wildlife Wildlife
Trees in British Columbia. Tree
March 1994. Committee
Cave Management Handbook. Handbook Estab.
1990. standards
(coastal)
Gully Management: Field Document Draft
Considerations for Stream
Reach C Assessments. 1993
Interim Mobile Backspar Trails Booklet Interim
Construction and Rehabilitation (regional)
Strategies. 1991.
Foreshore Authority for log Guidelines for Log Dumping. (coastal)
Use Permit sorting, booming, MOELP.
and storage.
Special Use Authorizes various
Permits uses including
logging camps.
Appendix III - p.72
Plan/Permit Relevant Documents Format Status
Second-growth Free Growing Surveys. Circular Estab. management Letter- standards VR-90-546 (regional) Guidelines for Free Growing Stocking Circular Estab. Standards for the Van. Region. Letter- standards VR-90-545 (regional) Coastal Seed Transfer Guidelines. 1990. Booklet Estab. standards (coastal) Stand Tending Guidelines. Circular Estab. Letter- standards VR-91 -558 (regional) Aerial Spraying of Herbicides. Circular Estab. Letter- standards VR-84A53 (regional) Methods to Maintain Wildlife Habitat Letter Approved Characteristics in Managed Stands. August 21, 1992. Guidelines for Maintaining Biodiversity Booklet Interim, not During Juvenile Spacing. 1993. approved Interim Wildllfe/Forestry Guidelines for Interim Biological Diversity at the Stand Level During Juvenile Spacing Entries. February 1992.
Appendix IV - p.73 [Previous Section] [Table of Contents]
Appendix IV
Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound
Glossary
Adaptive management: Adaptive management rigorously combines management, research, monitoring, and means of changing practices so that credible information is gained and management activities are modified by experience.
Additive effects: Effects on biota of stress imposed by one mechanism, contributed from more than one source (e.g. sediment-related stress on fish imposed by sediment derived from streambank sources and from land surface sources) (see also cumulative effects).
Age-class: Any interval into which the age range of trees, forests, stands, or forest types is divided for classification. Forest inventories commonly group trees into
Aggradation: Accumulation of sediment in a stream channel on an alluvial fan or on a floodplain. Also applied to sediment accumulation on slopes.
Allowable annual cut (AAC): The average volume of wood that may be harvested annually under sustained yield management. It equals roughly the amount of new growth produced by the forest each year, including a proportion of the mature volume minus deductions for losses due to fire, insects, and disease.
Basic silviculture: The harvesting methods and silviculture operations, including seed collecting, site preparation, artificial and natural regeneration, brushing, spacing and stand tending, and other operations, prescribed for the purpose of establishing a free-growing crop of trees of a commercially valuable species.
Biodiversity (biological diversity): The diversity of plants, animals, and other living organisms in all their forms and levels of organization, including genes, species, ecosystems, and the evolutionary and functional processes that link them.
Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification System: A hierarchical classification scheme having three levels of integration - regional, local, and chronological; and combining three classifications - climatic, vegetation, and site.
Blowdown (windthrow): Uprooting by the wind. Also refers to trees so uprooted.
Cable logging: A yarding system employing winches, blocks, and cables.
Canopy: The forest cover of branches and foliage formed by tree crowns.
Channel integrity: Refers to a stable mean condition of a stream.
Clearcut with reserves: A variation of the clearcut silvicultural system that leaves some standing green trees and/or wildlife trees in a dispersed or aggregated form to meet integrated resource management objectives, such as habitat
Appendix IV - p.74
protection and visual quality, but not to provide seed or shelter for regeneration purposes.
Clearcutting silvicultural system: A system in which the crop is cleared from an area at one time and an even-aged, replacement stand is established. It does not include clearcutting with reserves. Clearcutting is designed so that most of the opening has full light exposure and is not dominated by the canopy of adjacent trees (this produces an open area climate). The minimum size of a clearcut opening is generally considered to be 1 ha.
Coarse woody debris: Sound and rotting logs and stumps that provide cover for plants, animals, and their predators.
Community watersheds: Those watersheds designated by the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks for domestic water production.
Crown closure: The condition when the crowns of trees touch and effectively block sunlight from reaching the forest floor.
Culvert: A pipe, pipe arch, or log structure covered with soil and lying below the road surface, used to carry water from one side of the road to the other.
Cumulative effects: Effects on biota of stress imposed by more than one mechanism (start e.g. stress in fish imposed by both elevated suspended sediments concentrations in the water and by high water temperature).
Cut-and-fill: System of bench construction on hillslopes to produce road rights-of- way and landings whereby convex slopes are excavated and concave slopes (gullies) are filled ; also, excavation of the upslope side of the right-of-way, and fill on the down slope side. (so called half-bench construction).
Cutblock: A specific area, with defined boundaries, authorized for harvest.
Cutslopes: An excavated slope; commonly, the excavation on the upslope side of a road crossing a slope, to establish a bench for the right-of-way.
Debris flows: Mixture of soil, rock, wood debris and water which flows rapidly down steep gullies; commonly initiate on slopes greater than 30 degrees, but may run out onto footsteps of low gradient.
Designated skid road/skid trail: A pre-planned network of skid roads or skid trails, designed to reduce soil disturbance and planned for use in subsequent forestry operations in the same area. Multiple passes by tracked or rubber-tired skidders or other equipment are anticipated.
Dewatering: Condition in stream channel when all the water flow occurs within the permeable streambed sediments, so no surface water is left; common in small streams with considerable accumulations of gravel.
District Manager: The Manager of a Forest Service District Office, with responsibilities as outlined in the Forest Act, Ministry of Forests Act, and Range Act.
Drainage basin: Area of the earth surface from which surface drainage all flows to a single outlet stream (a watershed in North America).
Drainage structures: Includes metal and wooden culverts, open-faced culverts, bridges, and ditches.
Appendix IV - p.75
Drainage system: A culvert, cross-ditch, swale, or outslope/inslope to move water from one side of the road to the other.
Ecosystem: A functional unit consisting of all the living organisms (plants, animals, and microbes) in a given area, and all the non-living physical and chemical factors of their environment, linked together through nutrient cycling and energy flow. An ecosystem can be of any size - a log, pond, field, forest, or the earth's biosphere -but it always functions as a whole unit. Ecosystems are commonly described according to the major type of vegetation, for example, forest ecosystem, old-growth ecosystem, or range ecosystem.
Edge effect: Habitat conditions (such as degree of humidity and exposure to light or wind) created at or near the more-or-less well-defined boundary between ecosystems, as, for example, between open areas and adjacent forest.
End hauling: Removal of excess materials from one section of road to another or to a designated waste area, instead of sidecasting.
Endangered species: See Threatened / endangered species.
Entrainment: Mobilization, by flowing water, of sediment or organic debris from the bed or banks of a stream channel.
Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs): Areas requiring special management attention to protect important scenic values, fish and wildlife resources, historical and cultural values, and other natural systems or processes. ESAs for forestry include potentially fragile, unstable soils that may deteriorate unacceptably after forest harvesting, and areas of high value to non-timber resources such as fisheries, wildlife, water, and recreation.
Fill: The height of material required to raise the desired road profile above the natural ground line.
Fillslopes: Slope constructed of dumped material, commonly on the downslope side of a road crossing a slope, to establish a bench for the right-of-way.
First order stream: Stream originating in a seepage zone or spring, with no entering tributaries; the most headward channels in the drainage network.
First pass: The initial entry of a multiple entry plan to harvest timber.
Fish-bearing waters: Lakes, streams, and ponds that have resident fish populations.
Fisheries-sensitive zones: Aquatic environments important for the life history of fish, including areas that may not be defined as streams. May include side and flood channels, swamps, seasonally flooded depressions, lake spawning areas, or estuaries.
Floodplain: Surface of the body of sediment, adjacent to a stream channel, which was deposited by the stream during high flows.
Fluvial fan: (alluvial fan) The body of sediment deposited by a (relatively steep) stream where it flows into a surface of lower gradient. Fluvial processes: All processes and events by which the configuration of a stream channel is changed; especially processes by which sediment is transferred along the stream channel by the force of flowing water.
Appendix IV - p.76
Folisol: Soils consisting of decomposed vegetable litter (i.e., from foliage)
Forest cover: Forest stands or cover types consisting of a plant community made up of trees and other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together.
Forest Development Plan: An operational plan guided by the principles of integrated resource management (the consideration of timber and non-timber values), which details the logistics of timber development over a period of usually five years. Methods, schedules, and responsibilities for accessing, harvesting, renewing, and protecting the resource are set out to enable site- specific operations to proceed.
Forest practice: Any activity that is carried out on forest land to facilitate uses of forest resources, including but not limited to timber harvesting, road construction, silviculture, grazing, recreation, pest control, and wildfire suppression.
Forest Practices Code: A package of legislation, regulations, and standards that govern forest practices in British Columbia.
Forest resources: Resources or values associated with forest land, including but not limited to water, wildlife, fisheries, recreation, timber, range, and heritage.
Free-growing crop: A crop of healthy trees with growth unimpeded by competition from plants, shrubs, or other trees.
Freshet: High stream flow, usually confined to the stream channel and caused by a regularly recurring hydrological phenomenon (e.g. the snowmelt freshet) (regional term).
Fry: The young stage of fishes (i.e., less than one year old), particularly after the yolk sac has been absorbed.
Genetic diversity: Variation among and within species that is attributable to differences in hereditary material.
Green tree retention: The reservation of live trees of a specffic species and size from harvesting, to achieve a site-specific objective.
Green-up: The process of reestablishing vegetation following logging to achieve specific management objectives. Green-up criteria are usually based on commercial tree species ecologically suited to a site, wildlife requirements, and hydrological considerations.
Ground- based systems: Logging systems that employ ground-based equipment such as feller-bunchers, hoe chuckers, skidders, and forwarders.
Groundwater: Water below the level of the water table in the ground; water occupying the sub-surface saturated zone.
HaHuulhi: HaHuulhi is the traditional system of land and resource management centering around ownership and stewardship of specific sites and their resources by hereditary chiefs. All the lands, waterways, shorelines, and offshore sites, except for relatively remote areas far inland, fall under this system of ownership, control, and resource use.
Harvest pattern: The spatial distribution of cutblocks and reserve areas across the forested landscape.
Appendix IV - p.77
Harvest rate: The rate at which timber is harvested, commonly expressed as an allowable annual cut (AAC).
Harvesting (logging): Forest harvesting activities including felling, yarding (skidding), hauling, and road building; the cutting and removal of trees from a forested area.
Harvesting method: The mix of felling, bucking, and yarding (skidding) systems used in logging a stand of timber.
Heritage areas: Sites of historical, architectural, archaeological, paleontological, or scenic significance to the province.
Heritage trail: A trail having cultural significance by reason of established aboriginal use or use by early immigrants.
Highgrading: The removal of only the best trees from a stand, often resulting in a residual stand of poor quality trees.
Hydrology: The science that describes and analyzes the occurrence of water in nature, and its circulation near the surface of the earth.
Inoperable lands: Lands that are unsuited for timber production now and in the foreseeable future by virtue of their: elevation; topography; inaccessible location; low value of timber; small size of timber stands; steep or unstable soils that cannot be harvested without serious and irreversible damage to the soil or water resources; or designation as parks, wilderness areas, or other uses incompatible with timber production.
Insloping: Shaping the road surface to direct water onto the cut side of the road.
Integrated resource management: The identification and consideration of all resource values, including social, economic, and environmental needs, in land use and development decision-making. It focuses on resource use and land use and management, and is based on a good knowledge of ecological systems, the capability of the land, and the mixture of possible benefits.
Interim Measures Agreement: 1994. Interim Measures Agreement (IMA) Between the Province of British Columbia and the Hawiih of Clayoquot Sound
Landing: The area to which logs are yarded or skidded to be loaded out.
Landscape level: A watershed, or series of interacting watersheds or other natural biophysical (ecological) units, within the larger Land and Resource Management Plauning areas. This term is used for conservation planning and is not associated with visual landscape management and viewscape management.
Landscape sensitivity: A component of the landscape inventory that estimates the sensitivity of the landscape based on: the visual prominence or importance of features; conditions that affect visual perception; and social factors that contribute to viewer perceptions.
Landscape unit: Ecologically determined planning units that are defined within management units (Tree Farm Licences, Timber Supply Areas) and that are made up of a series of smaller stand level units.
Large Organic Debris (LOD): Entire trees or large pieces of trees that provide channel stability or create fish habitat diversity in a stream channel.
Appendix IV - p.78
Large woody debris: Large tree part; conventionally a wood piece greater than 10 cm in diameter and 1 metre in length.
Local Resource Use Plan (LRUP): A plan for a portion of a Timber Supply Area or Tree Farm Licence that provides management guidelines for resource use integration in the area.
Mass wasting: Movement of soil and surficial materials by gravity.
Non-timber resource values: Values within the forest other than timber which include but are not limited to biological diversity, fisheries, wildlife, minerals, water quality and quantity, recreation and tourism, cultural and heritage values, and wilderness and aesthetic values.
Old growth: Old growth is a forest that contains live and dead trees of various sizes, species, composition, and age class structure. Old-growth forests, as part of a slowly changing but dynamic ecosystem, include climax forests but not sub- dimax or mid-seral forests. The age and structure of old growth varies significantly by forest type and from one biogeoclimatic zone to another.
Operable forest: That portion of the production forest that, under current market conditions, can be harvested at a profit.
Operational plans: Within the context of area-specific management guidelines, operational plans detail the logistics for development. Methods, schedules, and responsibilities for accessing, harvesting, renewing, and protecting the resource are set out to enable site-specific operations to proceed.
Outsloping: Shaping the road surface to direct water away from the cut side of the road.
Partial cutting: A general term for tree removal other than clearcutting, in which selected trees are harvested.
Pore water pressure: Pressure exerted by water in soil pores; in unsaturated soil the value is negative (i.e. it is a suction or tension)
Pre-harvest Silviculture Prescription (PHSP): A documented process for collecting site-specific field data, establishing site-specific management objectives and standards for basic silviculture, and prescribing a series of treatments necessary to achieve these objectives and standards.
Production forest: The forest used for production of various commodities, e.g., timber.
Productive forest land: Forest land that is capable of producing a merchantable stand within a defined period of time.
Protected areas: Areas such as provincial parks, federal parks, wilderness areas, ecological reserves, and recreation areas that have protected designations according to federal and provincial statutes. Protected areas are land and freshwater or marine areas set aside to protect the province's diverse natural and cultural heritage.
Protection forest: Forest maintained on steep, unstable slopes to prevent accelerated erosion.
Appendix IV - p.79
Reach: A length of stream channel exhibiting, on average, uniform hydraulic properties and morphology.
Recreation feature: Biological, physical, cultural, or visual features that have an ability to attract and sustain recreational use.
Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS): A mix of outdoor settings based on remoteness, area size, and evidence of humans, which allows for a variety of recreation activities and experiences. The descriptions used to classify the settings are on a continuum and are described as: rural, roaded resource, semi- primitive motorized, semi-primitive non-motorized, and primitive.
Recreation resource: Any biological, physical, cultural, historical, scenic, or wilderness feature that has recreational significance or value, or any recreational facility.
Referral: The process by which applications for permits, licences, leases, etc., made to one government agency by an individual or industry, are given to another agency for review and comment.
Resource values: Products or commodities associated with forest lands and largely dependent on ecological processes. These include, but are not limited to, water quality and quantity, forage, fish, wildlife, timber, recreation, energy, minerals, and cultural and heritage resources.
Riparian area: The land adjacent to the normal high water line in a stream, river, lake, or pond and extending to the portion of land that is influenced by the presence of the adjacent ponded or channeled water. Riparian areas typically exemplify a rich and diverse vegetative mosalc reflecting the influence of available surface water.
Riparian management zone: The area within and adjacent to riparian and other wetlands required to meet the structural and functional attributes of riparian ecosystems.
Road deactivation: Measures taken to stabilize roads and logging trails during periods of inactivity, including the control of drainage, the removal of sidecast where necessary, and the re-establishment of vegetation for permanent deactivation.
Rotation: The planned number of years between the formation or regeneration of a tree crop or stand and its final cutting at a specified stage of maturity.
Salmonid: A fish of the fish family Salmonides; e.g. salmon, trout and chars.
Secondary channel: Subordinate channel in a stream reach with more than one channel; minor channel in a floodplain.
Sedimentation: The process of deposition by gravity of matter carried in water; usually the result of the reduction of water velocity below the point at which it can transport the material.
Seepage zone: An area on a hillslope or at the slope base where water frequently or continuously springs to the surface.
Selection silvicultural system: A silvicultural system that removes mature timber either as single scattered individuals or in small groups at relatively short
Appendix IV - p.80
intervals, repeated indefinitely, where the continual establishment of regeneration is encouraged and an uneven-aged stand is maintained.
Sensitive/vulnerable species: Species identified as "blue listed" by the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, these are indigenous species that are not threatened but are particularly at risk.
Shelterwood silvicultural system: A silvicultural system that removes the old stand in a series of cuttings to promote the establishment of an essentially even-aged new stand under the overhead or side shelter of the old one.
Sidecasting: Moving excavated material onto the downslope side during construction.
Silvicultural system: A process that applies silviculture practices, including the tending, harvesting, and replacing of a stand, to produce a crop of timber and other forest products. The system is named by the cutting method with which regeneration is established. The four classical systems are seed tree, shelterwood, selection, and clearcut.
Silviculture: The art of producing and tending a forest, and the application of the knowledge of silvics in the treatment of a forest; the theory and practice of controlling forest establishment, composition, and growth.
Skid road: A bladed or backhoe-constructed pathway where stumps are removed within the running surface as necessary. Skid roads are suitable only for tracked or rubber-tired skidders bringing trees or logs from the felling site to a landing.
Skid trail: A random pathway traveled by ground skidding equipment while moving trees or logs to a landing. A skid trall differs from a skid road in that stumps are cut very low and the ground surface is mainly untouched by the blades of earth moving machines.
Skidding: The process of sliding and dragging logs from the stump to a landing.
Slide: A mass movement process in which slope failure occurs along one or more slip surfaces and in which the unit generally disintegrates into a jumbled mass en route to its depositional site. A debris flow or torrent flow may occur if enough water is present in the mass.
Slope failure: See Slide.
Slope processes: All processes and events by which the configuration of the slope is changed; especially processes by which rock, surficial materials and soil are transferred downslope under the dominating influence of gravity.
Snag: A standing dead tree or part of a dead tree from which at least the smaller branches have fallen.
Soil: The naturally occurring, unconsolidated mineral or organic material at the surface of the earth that is capable of supporting plant growth. It extends from the surface to 15 cm below the depth at which properties produced by soil- forming processes can be detected. The soil-forming processes are an interaction between climate, living organisms, and relief acting on soil and soil parent material. Unconsolidated material includes material cemented or compacted by soil-forming processes. Soil may have water covering its surface to a depth of 60 cm or less in the driest part of the year.
Appendix IV - p.81
Stand: A community of trees sufficiently uniform in species composition, age, arrangement, and condition to be distinguishable as a group from the forest or other growth on the adjoining area, and thus forming a silviculture or management entity.
Stand level: The level of forest management at which a relatively homogeneous land unit can be managed under a single prescription, or set of treatments, to meet well-defined objectives.
Stream class: The British Columbia Coastal Fisheries/Forestry Guidelines defines three stream classes: Stream Class A includes streams or portions of streams that are frequented by anadromous salmonids and/or resident sport fish or regionally significant fish species; or streams identified for fishery enhancement in an approved fishery management plan; stream gradient is usually less than 12%. Stream Class B includes streams or portions of streams populated by resident fish not currently designated as sport fish or regionally significant fish; stream gradient is usually 8-20%. Stream Class C includes streams or portions of streams not frequented by fish; stream gradient is usually greater than 20%.
Subsurface drainage: Water flow through permeable soil or rock beneath the surface of the land.
Suspended sediment: Mineral and organic matter in the water column, the weight of which is borne by flotation or by upwardly directed (turbulent) water currents.
Sustainability: The concept of producing a biological resource under management practices that ensure replacement of the part harvested, by re-growth or reproduction, before another harvest occurs.
Terrain hazard assessment: An assessment or characterization of unstable or potentially unstable slopes on forested lands. A determination of the relative potential of landslide initiation and the type of landslide that may occur on different types of terrain, based on the data obtained from the review of avallable maps, photos, site data, and field observations.
Threatened/endangered species: Species identified as "red listed" by the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, these are indigenous species that are either threatened or endangered.
Understory: Any plants growing under the canopy formed by others, particularly herbaceous and shrub vegetation under a tree canopy.
Visual green-up: The mix of herbaceous growth and deciduous and coniferous trees which acts to blend the cutblock into the surrounding forested landscape, making the cutblock less visually obvious.
Visual landscape management: The identification, assessment, design, and manipulation of the visual features or values of a landscape, and the consideration of these values in the integrated management of provincial forest lands.
Visual Quality Objective (VQO): An approved resource management objective that reflects a desired level of visual quallty based on the physical and sociological characteristics of the area; refers to the degree of acceptable human alteration to the characteristic landscape.
Appendix IV - p.82
Visual quality: The character, condition, and quality of a scenic landscape or other visual resource and how it is perceived, preferred, or otherwise valued by the public.
Watershed: Drainage basin (North American usage).
Watershed integrity: refers to a stable overall physical condition of the watershed (bedrock, landforms, soils, drainage ways) within which transfers of energy, matter and, especially of water occur. It is prerequisite for the security of forest and stream ecosystems.
Wildlife: Raptors, threatened species, endangered species, game, and other species of vertebrates prescribed as wildlife by regulation.
Wildlife trees: Dead, decaying, deteriorating, or other designated trees that provide present or future critical habitat for the maintenance or enhancement of wildlife.
Yarding (yarding systems): In logging, the hauling of felled timber to the landing or temporary storage site from where trucks (usually) transport them to the mill site. Yarding methods include cable yarding, ground skidding, and aerial methods such as helicopter and balloon yarding.
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